In Nepali grammar, vibhakti (case markers) hold special significance. They are suffixes attached to the end of words to clarify the relationship of a word with other words in a sentence or its role within the sentence. Case markers are usually associated with nouns, pronouns, or adjectives. Vibhakti refers to the specific suffixes added to nouns or pronouns that define their role, relationship, or connection with the verb in a sentence. They play an essential role in constructing the meaning of a sentence.
Case structure:
Case markers will be added to the end of nouns and pronouns. In the Nepali language, six types of case markers are generally found. These case markers are classified as follows:
१.(कर्तावाचक)
- परिभाषा: It is the case marker that indicates the agent (action-doer) in a sentence.
संरचना:No suffix is added to nouns/pronouns. - उदाहरणहरू , Example :
- The cow eats grass. (गाई घाँस खान्छ)
(“गाई” प्रथमा विभक्तिमा छ।) - राम किताब पढ्छ।
- The cow eats grass. (गाई घाँस खान्छ)
२. (कर्मवाचक)
- परिभाषा: It is the case marker that denotes the object in a sentence.
- संरचना: Nouns/pronouns are combined with “लाई” or other suffixes.
- उदाहरणहरू:
- म गाईलाई घाँस दिन्छु।
- रामलाई किताब चाहिन्छ।
३. (करणवाचक)
- परिभाषा:It is the case marker that indicates the instrument, tool, or medium.
- संरचना:It is attached by words like “le” and “dwara.”
- उदाहरणहरू:
- मैले कलमले लेखेँ।
- उसले बसद्वारा यात्रा गर्यो।
४. (सम्प्रदानवाचक)
- परिभाषा: It is a case marker that indicates the relationship of giving something to someone.
- संरचना: Suffixes like “lai” and “kaagi” are added.
- उदाहरणहरू:
- मैले रामका लागि किताब किनें।
- तिमीले उसलाई उपहार दिनुपर्छ।
५. (अपादानवाचक)
- परिभाषा: It is the case marker that indicates separation or distance.
- संरचना: Suffixes such as “baat” (from) and “dekhi” (since) are added.
- उदाहरणहरू:
- म काठमाडौँबाट पोखरा गएँ।
- उ हिजो घरदेखि स्कूल गयो।
६. (सम्बन्धवाचक)
- परिभाषा: It is a case marker that indicates ownership or relationship.
- संरचना: “Ko,” “ka,” “ki,” etc., indicate relationships.
- उदाहरणहरू:
- यो पुस्तक रामको हो।
- गाईका बाच्छा हराए।
७. (अधिकारवाचक)
- परिभाषा: It is a case marker that indicates place, location, or time.
- संरचना: Suffices such as “ma,” “tira,” “ma” are used.
- उदाहरणहरू:
- ऊ विद्यालयमा छ।
- म बेलुकीतिर आउनेछु।
महत्त्व:
- Case markers clarify the role of each word in a sentence.
- They help in understanding and constructing the correct meaning of the sentence.
- The use of case markers makes the sentence organized and meaningful.
